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Excerpts from SACO Workshop : Proposing Geographic Subject Headings for LCSH. A training session by the Library of Congress at ALA, June 1999.
A. Geographic headings in the name authority file vs. the subject authority file
B. Formulation of proper name portion of geographic subject headings (H 690)
1. English vs. vernacular; Anglicize foreign names (H 690)
2. Inclusion of generic terms (H 690)
3. Arrangement of elements; Substantive portion of name in initial position
(H 690)
4. Abbreviations; Initial articles; Capitalizafion; Romanizafion (H 690)
C. Qualification of geographic subject headings (H 810)
D. Reference structure for geographic subject headings (H 690)
E. Review of subject authority proposal form; Authority research for geographic subject headings
F. Special geographic features
1. Regions, (H 760)
2. Rivers and related headings (H 800)
3. Islands (H 807)
4. Extinct cities (H 715)
5. Archaeological sites (H 1225)
6. Parks, Reserves, Gardens, etc. (H 1925)
7. Streets and Roads (H 2098)
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The name authority file is the place to find established forms of headings for jurisdictions:
- Governments, including ancient jurisdictions larger than cities, for example, Rome, Holy Roman Empire, Babylonia.
- Places within countries designated as administrative units or populated places in gazetteers, particularly those of the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN)
- In the United States, this may include unincorporated places if they have post offices and are listed in the Rand McNally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide.
Previously, headings for jurisdictions that are established in the name authority file were repeated in LCSH if they were needed for use with non-free-floating subdivisions, or as references for other headings. This situation occurred particularly for countries and less frequently for cities. Since December 1994, duplicate subject authority records for jurisdictions have not been created and existing ones are being cancelled out.
Headings for jurisdictions and nonjurisdictional geographic features are both tagged as 151 in the USNL4,RC Authority Format.
For subject cataloging purposes, the jurisdictional 151 headings represent dual concepts:
- The government as a corporate body that issues publications and laws, maintains accounts, collects taxes, and employs civil servants, etc.
- The physical territory that government controls
To use a jurisdictional heading as a subject, two conditions must be met:
1. It must be coded as being in AACR2 form
2. It must be authorized for use as a subject
In USMARC, this designation is in byte 15 of fixed field 008:
a = authorized for use as a subject
b = not authorized for use as a subject
The default value in the name authority file is "a". The value must be deliberately changed. Whenever LC changes the value, a SUBJECT USAGE note is added in a 667 field that states what heading should be used instead.
The reason some jurisdictional headings are not used as subjects is that they are earlier names for countries whose names have changed. LC subject cataloging policy for a jurisdiction whose physical territory has stayed virtually the same but whose government has changed its name, is to use the latest name for that country, regardless of the time period covered or the terminology used in the work being cataloged.
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Nonjurisdictional place names:
Geographic features -- mountains, lakes, rivers, seas, deserts, caves, forests, nonjurisdictional islands, valleys, etc.
Geologic basins and formations, undersea features, ocean currents:
San Juan Basin (N.M. and Colo.)
Kinkelbos Formation (South Africa)
Hoodoo Quartzite (Utah)
El Nino Current
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Continents and regions:
Antarctica
Asia, Southeastern
New England
Maryland, Southern
Oklahoma Panhandle (Okla.)
Tropics
Some conceptual groupings of countries:
Communist countries
Developing countries
Commonwealth countries
European Union countries
Islamic countries
Man-made features and designated areas, including engineering constructions h geographic extent -- parks, gardens, reserves, farms, ranches, mines, canals, reservoirs, r streets, trails, bridges, camps, forts, etc.
Archaeological sites, for example, Machu Picchu Site (Peru)
Ancient cities. which ceased to exist before 1500, for example, Babylon (Extinct city)
Note: This heading was previously Babylon (Ancient city)
Note: Cemeteries (H 1365), city sections (H 720), concentration camps, and country clubs, which were established in the subject authority file before August 1996, are now established in the name authority file (cf. H 405). Military installations that are currently active or existed in the twentieth century before closing are established in the name authority file.
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1. Conventional form of name or form most commonly used in English language reference sources, For example,
Black Forest (Germany) not Schwarzwald (Germany)
Acalpulco Bay (Mexico) Bahia de Acalpulco (Mexico)
Rhine River Rhein River
Erzgebirge (Czech Republic and Germany) Ore Mountains (Czech Republic and Germany)
Exceptions: Man-made or designated areas, such as parks, gardens, reserves, streets, and roads, are established in the vernacular, for example,
Naturpark Steinwald (Germany)
Rodovia Transamaz6nica (Brazil)
Parque Nacional Tikal (Guatemala)
Foreign names for features are generally anglicized by translating the generic term for the feature into English, for example,
Ibiza Island (Spain) not Isla de Ibiza (Spain)
Lascaux Cave (France) Grotte de Lascaux (France)
Retain the vernacular if the generic term is an integral part of the name, and there is no other well-known English form:
Maderanertal (Switzerland)
Walchensee (Germany)
2. Include a generic term if the feature is generally referred to that way, or if it is necessary to resolve conflicts:
Alps
Vesuvius (Italy)
Jungfrau (Switzerland)
Jura Mountains (France and Switzerland)
Rost Island (Norway)
[Island added to break conflict with ppl. Rost (Norway)]
Tien Shan [conventional form]
3. Elements of names of natural features are generally rearranged to place the distinctive portion first, for example,
Ness, Loch (Scotland)
Mexico, Gulf of
Saint Helens, Mount (Wash.)
Guadalquivir River (Spain) not Rio Guadalquivir (Spain)
Trafalgar, Cape (Spain) Cabo Trafalgar (Spain)
4. No abbreviations; initial articles; capitalization; romanization
Spell out terms that are frequently abbreviated: Saint, Mount, Street, Avenue, etc.
Saint Anthony Falls (Minn.) not St. Anthony Falls (Mnn.)
Washington, Mount (N.H.) Washington, Mt. (N.H.)
Everglades Parkway (Fla.) Everglades Pkwy (Fla.)
Invert English names that begin with the article The:
Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) not The Mall (Washington, D.C.)
Sound, The (Denmark and Sweden) The Sound (Denmark and Sweden)
Retain initial articles for name of non-English origin in English-speaking countries:
El Capitan (Calif.)
El Niiio Current
La Lena Wilderness (N.M.)
Delete initial articles from features in non-English-speaking countries (but retain or add an
English generic term that characterizes the feature)-
Huasteca Region (Mexico) not La Huesteca (Mexico)
Cevennes Mountains (France) Les Cevennes (France)
Capitalize English generic terms; Capitalize foreign terms depending upon rules for the language in Appendix A of AACR2.
Romanize geographic names in non-Roman scripts according to LC transliteration tables and rules, for example, Wade-Giles for Chinese:
T'ien-an men Square (Beijing, China)
Note: LC is planning to switch to pinyin for Chinese subject headings in October 1999.
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Qualify in parentheses by name of country, except:
| Country | Type | Example |
| Australia | state | (N.S.W.) (Qld.) |
| Canada | province | (Man.) (Ont.) |
| Great Britain | constituent country | (England)(Scotland) |
| Malaysia | state | (Sarawak) |
| United States | state | (Calif.) (Md.) |
| Yugoslavia | republic | (Serbia) |
Specific forms, including abbreviations, for these countries are given in H 810.
The place used in the qualifier must be established in the name authority file.
Use as a qualifier only the latest form of the name:
(Sri Lanka) not (Ceylon)
(Russia) not (R. S.F. S.R.)
For localities in North Korea or South Korea, use (Korea).
When qualifying by the name of a city, use the established heading for the city, but reformulate it by placing it within a single set of parentheses and separating the city name from the name of its larger jurisdiction by a comma, for example, (Glasgow, Scotland).
When a jurisdiction that is being used as a qualifier is itself qualified by a term that designates the nature of the jurisdiction, omit the latter term:
Established form: Micronesia (Federated States)
Form as a qualifier: (Micronesia)
Established form: Arequipa (Peru : Dept.)
Form as a qualifier: (Arequipa, Peru)
Qualify even if the name of the jurisdiction also appears in the name of the feature:
Texas Hill Country (Tex.)
Alps, Austrian (Austria)
Exception: Regions of countries, etc., established with directional qualifiers are not qualified:
California, Southern Italy, Southern
1. Places wholly in one country, or first order political jurisdiction of the six exceptional countries, are qualified by the name of the country, etc.:
Como, Lake (Italy) Colorado River (Tex.)
Archaeological sites and man-made features (parks, gardens, streets, roads, etc.) within cities are qualified by city name in established form:
Bond Street (London, England)
Resolve conflicts with features of the same name in the same country, etc., by including a lower level jurisdiction (county, province, etc.) in the qualifier:
Pelican Lake (Otter Tail County, Minn.)
Colca River (Arequipa, Peru)
Resolve conflicts with jurisdictions of the same name by adding an explanatory term:
Coos Bay (Or. : Bay)
Green Turtle Cay (Bahamas: Island)
2. Places in two countries, etc., are qualified by both countries linked with "and". Put the countries in order of predominance if the feature is predominantly located in one rather than the other, or in alphabetical order if they are relatively equal:
Sierra Nevada (Calif. and Nev.) Laramie Mountains (Wyo. and Colo.)
Qualifiers for rivers are in the order of flow, that is, from source to mouth:
Suwannee River (Ga. and Fla.)
3. Do not qualify international bodies of water, that is, bodies of water touching two or more countries and open to the sea, except to resolve a conflict, for example, English Channel. Do not qualify parts of oceans or undersea features, except to resolve a conflict, Bermuda Triangle; Sohm Plain (Atlantic Ocean).
4. Places in three or more countries, etc., are not qualified except to resolve conflicts, or to clarify an ambiguous term:
Amazon River
Colorado River (Colo.-Mexico)
West (U.S.)
Now, imagine you are cataloging this title and need to establish the river:
100 Derveaux, Daniel.
245 La Rance avec les anciens pays de I'Ev8che de St. Malo, Le Poudouvre, et Le Clos Ratel, Le Clos Poulet, et ses Malouinieres, vers 1760.
260 [Paris, 1973?]
Lippincott says:
Rance River 1. Cotes-du-Nord dept., W France;
rises in the Landes du Mene 1 mi. W. of Collinee,
flows 60 mi. NE, past Dinan, below which it forms
a 13-mi.-long estuary opening on English Channel
at Saint-Malo. Navigable for flat-bottom barges to
Evran (terminus of Ille-Rance Canal). 2. Aveyron
Dept., S. France, rises 3 mi. S of Camares, flows
30 mi. WNW to the Tarn at Aveyron-Tam dept. line.
LC Name Authority File has:
001 n5O-80185
040 DLC DLC MiU DLC
151 Cotes-du-Nord (France) [AACR 2]
667 SUBJECT USAGE: This heading is not valid for use as a subject. Works about this place are entered under Cotes-d'Armor (France).
678 Formed in 1790
451 Cotes-du-Nord, France (Dept.) [old catalog heading] [do not make]
451 Arvoriou an Nord (France)
451 Aodou an Hantemoz (France)
451 Orae Septentrionales (France)
551 Cotes-d'Armor (France) [later heading]
670 BGN 6/82 (Department des Cotes-du-Nord (Cotes-du-Nord=brief], ADM1, 48' 25'N, 2' 40'W)
How would you formulate the heading?
Rance River (Cotes-D'Armor, France)
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References for Geographic Headings in LCSHA. Make Used For (UF) references from:
1. Alternative or variant names supplied by BGN, or found in reference sources, including earlier names:
Fort Loudoun Lake (Tenn.)
UF Fort Loudon Lake (Tenn.)
Fort Loudoun Reservoir (Tenn.)
McKinley, Mount (Alaska)
UF Denali (Alaska)
Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska)
UF McKinley National Park (Alaska)
Mount McKinley National Park (Alaska)
2. Straight form, if inverted or manipulated:
McKinley, Mount (Alaska)
UF Mount McKinley (Alaska)
3. The vernacular, if name is translated into English, or a conventional form is used; English form if name is left in the vernacular; other pertinent foreign forms:
Erzgebirge (Czech Republic and Germany)
UF Ore Mountains (Czech Republic and (Germier-many) Krugfie hory (Czech Republic and Germany)
4. Abbreviated forms:
Saint Helens, Mount (Wash.)
UF Mt. Saint Helens (Wash.) Mt. St. Helens (Wash.)
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
UF C & 0 Canal National Historical Park
5. Forms including initial articles:
Huasteca Region (Mexico)
UF La Huasteca (Mexico)
Sound, The (Denmark and Sweden)
UF The Sound (Denmark and Sweden)
6. The BGN romanized form if it differs from the LC romanized form, for example, BGN romanized form for Russian; pinyin for Chinese.
B. Broader Term (BT) references:
Make up to three references from the generic heading(s) for the type of feature subdivided by the country, or first order political divisions of the United States, Canada, and Great Britain:
Amazon River
BT Rivers-Brazil Rivers-Colombia Rivers-Peru
For features in more than three countries, etc., use an appropriate broader geographic name like a continent or region in the geographic subdivision:
Andes
BT Mountains-South America
For individual mountains or peaks in a range of mountains, or individual islands in an archipelago, island cluster, or group, make an additional BT reference from the range of mountains or island group if it is established:
Pikes Peak (Colo.)
BT Front Range (Colo. and Wyo.) Mountains-Colorado
Ibiza Island (Spain)
BT Islands-Spain Pityusic Islands (Spain)
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