True - False: Indicate true or false by circling "T" or "F" on the answer sheet.

1. Glaciers advance downhill because snow accumulates near their heads and moves under the force of gravity.

2. Glaciers are said to be "retreating" when they are flowing uphill.

3. Greenland and Antarctica are both covered by large alpine glaciers.

4. The term "groundwater recharge" refers to the rate at which groundwater is emitted by an artesian spring.

5. The "water table" is the upper surface of the zone of saturation

6. Groundwater sometimes flows upward against gravity.

7. To be a good aquifer, a rock unit must have high porosity, but it need not have high permeability.

8. An artesian aquifer is an unconfined aquifer in which the area of recharge lies at a lower elevation than the area of discharge

9. When water is withdrawn from a well, a cone of depression is created in which the water table in the vicinity of the well is temporarily lowered.

10. Saltwater intrusion occurs in coastal areas when salty groundwater mixes with fresh water from an ocean.

11. Every stream carries water from a watershed that is separated from other watersheds by a drainage basin.

12. In a meandering section of a stream, the fastest water is near the inside of the curves.

13. A stream's base level is the lowest level to which a stream can erode its channel.

14. Stream piracy occurs when one stream captures the headwaters of another stream on the opposite side of a drainage divide.

15. Very young (juvenile) streams are more likely to meander than older streams.

16. Natural levees result when streams overflow their banks and deposit coarse sediment in normally dry areas adjacent to the stream.

17. The primary difference between a delta and an alluvial fan is that alluvial fans are erosional features, whereas deltas are depositional features.

18. A 10-year flood is a flood that has a 1 in 10 chance of occurring every year.

19. The phrase "karst topography" refers to caves or cave systems found in limestone bedrock.

20. The primary difference between stalactites and stalagmites is that stalactites hang suspended from a cave roof, whereas stalagmites protrude upward from the cave floor.

21. A kettle is a type of glacial lake formed when blocks of ice (that are buried in glacial debris) melt.

22. Pleistocene glaciation occurred in (what else?) the Pleistocene. That was about 55 million years ago.

23. Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be U-shaped compared to those carved by water.

24. Because we do not have a real temperature record for the Pleistocene, we use indirect evidence to calculate temperatures. The evidence is called "proxy" data.

25. When the Dakota Sandstone was first tapped, water poured freely from the wells. Such wells are called aquifer wells.

26. The distinction between a "gaining" stream and a "losing" stream is based on the ratio of recharge rate to stream velocity.

27. A model which does a reasonable job of explaining the periodicity of glaciation by considering variations in the Earth's orbit, obliquity and precession, was devised by a dude name Milankovitch.

29. The last period of major continental glaciation ended about 10,000 years ago – just about at the beginning of the Holocene Epoch.

30. Some types of moraines are lateral, medial, and terminal.

Multiple Choice: (Circle answers on the answer sheet.)

31. During the last period of maximum glacial expansion, continental ice sheets extended as far south as
a. the equator
b. the Gulf Coast of the United States
c. the Dakotas, Minnesota and Illinois.
d. an area just north of the Canadian-United States border
e. the Tropic of Capricorn

32. An esker is
a. a narrow mass of stratified drift laid down between a glacier and a valley's side
b. a long narrow, sinuous ridge formed by sediment deposited in a meltwater river
c. a small round lake formed as glaciers retreat rapidly while snowfall is still occurring
d. a medial moraine that is split into two pieces
e. a native of Alaska

33. When a glacier goes through a period of rapid advance, we call such a period a __________.
a. moraine
b. surge
c. esker
d. interglacial period
e. basal slip

34. Glacial striations form when
a. glacial ice becomes "cupped" by the sun
b. moving ice scours grooves in rock
c. moraines are deposited by valley trains
d. moraines are deposited by drumlins
e. moraines are deposited ablation

35. Which of the following minerals makes up most speleothems
a. limestone
b. dolomite
c. calcite
d. sandstone
e. quartz

36. Prior Appropriations and Riparian Rights are two methods for
a. dividing up groundwater
b. dividing up surface water
c. establishing ownership of mine lands
d. making mining companies responsible for clean up
e. developing energy policies

37. The Mississippi River has become hundreds of miles shorter over the last couple of hundred years because
a. of headward erosion
b. engineers straightened it
c. groundwater recharge increased
d. of glacial erosion
e. of meandering

38. A medial moraine forms:
a. along the sides of a glacier
b. where two valley glaciers merge
c. where a glacier terminus advances beyond a recessional moraine
d. beneath a glacier in a sinuous ridge
e. all of the above

39. Henry Darcy studied and developed theories about
a. glaciers
b. climate change
c. groundwater flow
d. Mississippi River floods
e. ocean salinity

40. The Earth's earliest known ice age occurred about:
a. 4.6 billion years ago, when the Earth was first formed
b. 2.2 billion years ago, during the Precambrian Era
c. 66 million years ago, at the end of the age of dinosaurs
d. 2 million years ago, at the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch
e. all of the above

41.Over the oceans, evaporation is greater than precipitation but sea level does not drop because of
a. groundwater recharge
b. raising and lowering of the water table
c. runoff by rivers and streams
d. evapotranspiration
e. all of the above

42. Which process is NOT part of the hydrologic cycle?
a. water evaporating from lakes or streams
b. water infiltrating into the soil or bedrock
c. calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater
d. water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm
e. precipitation over an ocean

43. Which creates a lower base level for rivers and streams?
a. sea level drops or land subsides
b. sea level rises or land subsides
c. sea level falls or land rises
d. sea level rises or land rises
e. rain increases

44. In a groundwater system, the zones of aeration and saturation are separated by
a. an aquifer
b. an aquitard
c. an artesian
d. a cone of depression
e. the water table

45. Plate tectonics is important when considering the causes of continental glaciation because
a. alpine glaciers are larger than continental glaciers
b. the Earth's axis has precessed over time
c. the Earth's orbit has changed over time
d. moving continents cool off the Earth as they convect and conduct heat
e. if there are no continents at the poles there can be no glaciers

46. What happened in San Joaquin Valley as a result of excessive groundwater withdrawal?
a. the remaining groundwater became salty
b. a glacier invaded the valley
c. recharge levels increased dramatically
d. earthquakes leveled several small towns
e. land subsided as much as 25-30 feet

47. Which river has the greatest discharge in the world?
a. Nile
b. Amazon
c. Congo
d. Red
e. Mississippi

48. The largest particle a stream can move is the stream's _____________.
a. capacity
b. limit
c. competence
d. velocity
e. load

49. Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
a. on the straight parts of the channel
b. on the outer parts of the meander loops
c. on the inner parts of the meander loops
d. on the river's bottom
e. in floodplain

50. What is the source of heat for most hot springs and geysers?
a. radioactive energy
b. solar energy
c. groundwater recharge
d. faults and aftershocks
e. igneous rock and magma

51. As you move downstream, a river's:
a. velocity tends to increase and discharge tends to decrease
b. velocity tends to decrease and capacity tends to decrease
c. capacity tends to increase and gradient tends to increase
d. capacity tends to decrease but gradient tends to increase
e. width tends to increase and velocity tends to increase

52. Most of the world's fresh water is
a. in the oceans
b. in lakes and streams
c. in ice and snow
d. groundwater
e. in artificial reservoirs created by dams

53. Since the industrial revolution, the Earth has warmed as greenhouse gases built up in the atmosphere. In what parts of the world have the warming effects been the greatest?
a. at the South Pole
b. in the Southern Hemisphere
c. near the equator
d. in the Northern Hemisphere
e. at the North Pole

54. The ratios of various isotopes of oxygen can be analyzed in shells, sediments and ice to determine
a. groundwater recharge
b. the location of the water table
c. water or glacial ice flow
d. stream flow
e. paleotemperatures

55. Generally, large caves form at levels in the Earth
a. that are above the water table
b. that are below the water table
c. that can be either above or below the water table
d. that are within the O-horizon
e. all of the above

56. Indirect effects of Ice Age glaciers include
a. plants and animals had to migrate
b. sea level went down
c. land was depressed due to weight of ice
d. rivers and streams were diverted to new routes
e. all of the above

57. Natural sinkholes form in areas where
a. groundwater recharge is great
b. glacial deposits are composed of clay, cobble, boulders and other rock material
c. hot springs occur
d. many wells have been drilled
e. limestone has dissolve away leaving holes underground

58. If you collect a jar of water from a stream, set it on a table, and come back later, you may find some stuff collected in the bottom of the jar. That stuff once was:
a. suspended load
b. dissolved load
c. saltated load
d. bed load
e. any of the above

59. Which important greenhouse gas is released by burning fossil fuels?
a. water, H2O
b. methane, CH4
c. carbon dioxide, CO2
d. quartz, SiO2
e. NOx and SOx

60. Flood-control dams
a. hold water during times of great runoff and let it out slowly later
b. may provide water for irrigated agriculture
c. may generate electricity
d. may trap sediment and eventually become useless
e. all of the above

61. Every introductory geology book talks about the Ogallala Aquifer. Why? Where is the Ogallala Acquifer, and what's going on with it? What's the problem and what is the solution?

62. Why do we expect global warming to produce more storms and other natural disasters related to weather? Give some recent examples of such disasters.

63. 7. We live in the Red River Valley. Where does the Red River begin? Where is its mouth? What determines its base level? What are the boundaries of its drainage basin?