True - False: Indicate true or false by circling "T" or "F" on the answer sheet.

1. The major force that causes high and low tides is gravitational attraction by the moon.

2. Coal typically occurs in layers of strata surrounded by layers of detrital sedimentary rocks

3. Coal and oil are both types of fossil fuels.

4. The term "groundwater recharge" refers to the rate at which groundwater is consumed by an artesian spring.

5. Some deserts form simply because they are too far from the ocean for water to get to them.

6. Groundwater cannot flow upward against gravity.

7. Weathering in desert environments is significantly faster than in temperate and tropical environments.

8. To be a good aquifer, a rock unit must have high porosity, but in need not have high permeability.

9. An artesian aquifer is an unconfined aquifer in which the area of recharge lies at a lower elevation than the area of discharge

10. When water is withdrawn from a well, a cone of depression is created in which the water table in the vicinity of the well is temporarily lowered.

11. When humans build sea walls or jetties, portions of a shore line may become starved for sand.

12. In a meandering section of a stream, the fastest water is near the outside of the curves.

13. Normal nuclear reactors that produce electricity use a very minor isotope of uranium as fuel.

14. Stream piracy occurs when one stream captures the headwaters of another stream on the opposite side of a drainage divide.

15. Most desert sand dunes are made of quartz because the rock that erodes there is mainly made of quartz.

16. The primary difference between a delta and an alluvial fan is that alluvial fans are erosional features, whereas deltas are depositional features.

17. A 10-year flood is a flood that has a 1 in 10 chance of occurring every year.

18. All deserts are characterized by being very hot.

19. The term "karst" refers only to caves or cave systems found in limestone bedrock.

20. Placer deposits are a type of ore deposit created by gravity.

21. "Vein" and "disseminated" deposits are two types of hydrothermal mineral deposits.

22. Metal sulfide minerals make good ore minerals because it is relatively easy to separate the sulfur from the wanted metal.

23. Petroleum originates from the accumulation and decomposition of marine organisms.

24. Manganese nodules are found in many Precambrian Shield areas but are not economical to mine at the present time.

25. Coal originates from the accumulation and decomposition of swamp vegetation.

26. The concentration factor is the amount that an element needs to be concentrated over natural abundances in order to make mining economical.

27. A wadi is a type of dry stream bed found in a desert.

28. The "water table" is the upper surface of the zone of saturation

29. Wind is the major factor that controls the direction of surface currents in the oceans.

30. A stream's base level is the lowest level to which a stream can erode its channel.Multiple Choice: Mark answer on the answer sheet.

1. Which creates a lower base level for rivers and streams?
a. sea level drops or land subsides
b. sea level rises or land subsides
c. sea level falls or land rises
d. sea level rises or land rises
e. rain increases

2. When we take ore out of the ground, we process it and throw away the mineral stuff we don't want. The stuff we throw away is called __________.
a. load
b. effluent
c. crud
d. low grade
e. gangue

3. A the head of a delta, the major channel splits into many ____________.
a. estuaries
b. distributaries
c. tributaries
d. dendrites
e. all of the above

4. The Green River, the Colorado River, and some others of the Colorado Plateau, are characterized by incised meanders. How did this happen?
a. original, youthful streams continued to downcut as the land rose
b. lava flows reached the river at the same rate that water was flowing
c. original, old-age streams downcut as the land gradually rose
d. as sea level dropped, the original youthful streams matured into old-age streams
e. as sea level rose, the original old-age streams were rejuvenated

5. Breeder reactors
a. use plutonium instead of uranium
b. create thorium-232, cesium-239 or lead-204
c. are found near most major American cities
d. pollute less than conventional reactors because they consume many of their daughter products
e. create usable reactor fuel from unusable isotopes of uranium

6. Why are "real caves" only in limestone areas?
a. because that is where the most groundwater is
b. limestone is all Ordovician and so are the caves
c. limestone is the only common rock that dissolves easily
d. limestone has many pockets and holes in it
e. all of the above

7. Oil traps:
a. can stop upward migration of oil
b. can stop upward migration of gas
c. must include a good reservoir rock
d. must include a good cap rock
e. all of the above are correct

8. Your basic cement
a. comes from roasting limestone
b. can be mixed with other ingredients to produce Portland cement
c. can be mixed with other ingredients to produce concrete
d. contains lime
e. all of the above

9. Most of the world's saline water is
a. in the oceans
b. in lakes and streams
c. in ice and snow
d. groundwater
e. in artificial reservoirs created by dams

10. Which of the following processes may account for the formation of an ore deposit?
a. circulation of hydrothermal fluids
b. gravity settling associated with a magma
c. gravity settling associated with a river
d. weathering and leaching
e. all of the above

11. Generally, large caves form at levels in the Earth
a. that are above the water table
b. that are below the water table
c. that can be either above or below the water table
d. that are on the moon
e. characterized by metamorphic rocks

12. Most of the world's major economic mineral deposits are in
a. shield areas
b. subduction zones
c. the deepest parts of the ocean
d. the shallowest parts of the ocean
e. depositional basins

13. Which of the following "mineral" resources is a liquid.
a. gold
b. copper
c. mercury
d. bauxite
e. coal

14. Which of the following are reasons that the nuclear energy industry is not doing too well?
a. nuclear energy is expensive compared to other energy sources
b. people are concerned about a serious accident
c. we know of no good way to get rid of nuclear waste
d. no one wants a nuclear plant in their backyard
e. all of the above

15. Which of the following is true about lignite?
a. it burns well compared with other coals
b. it is a type of petroleum
c. we don't have much in North Dakota
d. it often produces sulfur, carbon dioxide and particulates when burned
e. all of the above

16. In the carbon cycle, where can carbon be stored?
a. in underground coal
b. in limestone
c. in the oceans
d. in underground oil
e. all of the above

17. In what environment is coal deposited
a. warm shallow seas
b. swamp
c. subduction zone
d. continental rift
e. all of the above

18. Compared to rivers, lakes and streams, groundwater contains _________ of the world's fresh water.
a. most
b. 22%
c. a third
d. 5%
e. almost none

19. Pumping groundwater too fast may cause
a. a cone of depression
b. drawdown
c. salt water intrusion
d. subsidence
e. all of the above

20. Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
a. on the straight parts of the channel
b. on the outer parts of the meander loops
c. on the inner parts of the meander loops
d. on the river's bottom
e. in floodplain

21. Which constituents make up the suspended load of most streams and rivers?
a. dissolved ions and sand
b. dissolved salts
c. silt and clay
d. sand and gravel
e. gold

22. Heap leaching is
a. the process when flowing stream water removes soluble components from a river bottom
b. the widening of a river by dissolution of surrounding bank material
c. the way rainwater absorbs soluble elements as it percolates into the ground
d. the way ground buckles when it is constantly frozen and thawed
e. a way of extracting gold from low grade ore

23. During Pleistocene glaciation, sea level was about _____ lower than today
a. 1 foot
b. 10 feet
c. 50 feet
d. 100 feet
e. 300 feet

24. "Drift" refers to
a. going from one bar to the next searching for the perfect beer
b. seaweed, flotsam and jetsam that is deposited on beaches
c. the way rainwater absorbs soluble elements as it percolates into the ground
d. the fact that sand is deposited on headlands and eroded in bays
e. the movement of sand along a shore line due to wind driven waves

25. The term "aeolian" refers to
a. something associated with a continental (as opposed to an ocean)
b. something geological that comes from another planet
c. something associated with an ocean (as opposed to a continent)
d. something associated with wind
e. something associated with water flow

26. As you move downstream, a river's:
a. velocity tends to increase and discharge tends to decrease
b. velocity tends to decrease and capacity tends to decrease
c. capacity tends to increase and gradient tends to increase
d. capacity tends to decrease but gradient tends to increase
e. width tends to increase and velocity tends to increase

27. Which of the following is an example of a rain shadow desert?
a. Sahara
b. Atacama
c. Canadian Shield
d. Antarctica
e. Mojave

28. Loess is a
a. type of fine sediment deposited by a glacier
b. type of coarse sediment deposited by water
c. type of fine sediment deposited by water
d. type of coarse sediment deposited by wind
e. type of fine sediment deposited by wind

29. The largest particle a stream can move is the stream's _____________.
a. capacity
b. limit
c. competence
d. velocity
e. load

30. Estruaries are associated with
a. submergent coastlines
b. emergent coastlines
c. ice ages
d. global warming
e. surf zones

LONGER ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Why are good, large petroleum deposits relatively rare? What conditions are needed to get such deposits? Why are so few of them being found today?

2. The world's major coal deposits are all associated with rock about 250-350 my old. Why? What was special at that time? In North Dakota, however, coal deposits are much younger (50 - 60 million years old). What does this tell you about North Dakota 50-60 million years ago?

3. Flowing water can rework/modify the land. Two important processes are headward erosion and downcutting. What do these terms mean? Both processes occur relatively quickly in young streams but more slowly in old streams. Why? What is stream piracy and what do these processes have to do with stream piracy?