_____ 1. Which of the following can concentrate ore minerals to make an ore body?
a. gravity
b. hydrothermal solutions
c. metamorphism
d. all of the above

_____ 2. Which one of the following rocks probably underwent the fastest cooling rate?
a. granite
b. gabbro
c. basalt
d. obsidian

_____ 3. The geothermal gradient describes how:
a. pressure increases with depth within the Earth
b. magma becomes more mafic with depth within the Earth
c. water content increases with depth within the Earth
d. temperature increases with depth within the Earth

_____ 4. Bowen's reaction series shows:
a. which minerals crystallize first as a magma cools from a liquid to a solid
b. which rocks will develop an aphanitic texture and which will form a phaneritic texture
c. why quartz, potassium feldspars, and muscovite form as mafic minerals, while olivine and pyroxene form as felsic minerals
d. which magmas will form extrusive igneous rocks and which will form intrusive igneous rocks

_____ 5. What is the difference between graphite and diamond?
a. they have different crystal structures
b. they have different chemical compositions
c. graphite is a silicate but diamond is an oxide
d. graphite is extrusive and diamond is intrusive

_____ 6. The force that causes pyroclastic volcanoes to explode violently is:
a. pressure from volcanic gases
b. hot convection currents in the asthenosphere that pushes magma upward
c. density differences within the magma that force part of the magma upward
d. George W. Bush

_____ 7. Most volcanic eruptions occur from which type of lava?
a. basaltic lava
b. andesitic lava
c. rhyolitic lava
d. they occur in about equal proportions

_____ 8. Volcanoes occur most frequently:
a. at tectonic plate boundaries
b. where earthquakes have opened up cracks in the crust of the Earth
c. over stationary hot spots
d. in random locations throughout the Earth's oceans and coastal areas

_____ 9. Which of the following types of rocks can become metamorphic rocks?
a. sedimentary rocks only
b. sedimentary or igneous rocks only
c. sedimentary or metamorphic rocks only
d. sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rocks

_____ 10. Metamorphic rocks form through all of the following processes EXCEPT:
a. compacting under tremendous pressure
b. chemically changing under the influence of ion-containing fluids
c. chemically changing under the influence of heat
d. melting and recrystallizing

_____ 11. The term "foliation" in metamorphic rocks refers to:
a. the inclusion of fossilized plant remains in rocks
b. a quantitative measure of the degree of metamorphism
c. folding of the rock by lateral pressure
d. a consistent orientation of the mineral grains

_____ 12. The type of metamorphism that results entirely from the heat of magma and from hot circulating fluids is:
a. contact metamorphism
b. regional metamorphism
c. dynamothermal metamorphism
d. shock metamorphism

_____ 13. Gneiss can be distinguished from other metamorphic rocks by:
a. its dark and light mineral bands
b. its large flakes of mica
c. its metallic sheen
d. its slaty cleavage

_____ 14. The rock that results from the metamorphosis of relatively pure limestone is:
a. marble
b. quartzite
c. gneiss
d. basalt

_____ 15. The term "metamorphic grade" refers to:
a. the intensity or metamorphic conditions on the parent rock
b. the angle or slope of a body of metamorphic rocks
c. the economic value of the minerals found in a metamorphic rock
d. the number of distinct mineral zones, or aureoles, found in a body of metamorphic rock

_____ 16. Which is the primary fuel that powers conventional nuclear reactors
a. plutonium
b. hydrogen
c. uranium
d. Al Gore

_____ 17. Which response has rocks in the correct order from (left to right) low-grade and fine grain size to high-grade and coarse grain size?
a. phyllite=>slate=>schist
b. schist=>slate=>phyllite
c. slate=>phyllite=>schist
d. slate=>schist=>phyllite

_____ 18. In geology, a mineral is defined as:
a. a natural substance that is neither animal nor plant, has a specific composition and structure, and contains one or more silicon-oxygen tetrahedra.
b. a solid substance or element that is essential to human nutrition.
c. a naturally occurring usually inorganic solid consisting of chemical elements in specific proportions, whose atoms are arranged in a systematic internal pattern.
d. a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid that contains only one element.

_____ 19. Which of the following would be considered a mineral?
a. Opal.
b. Obsidian.
c. Diamond.
d. Glass.
e. all of the above

_____ 20. If a mineral exhibits cleavage, it:
a. breaks very easily
b. always occurs in the same shape
c. breaks consistently along distinct planes
d. fractures as a curved, shell-shaped (conchoidal) surface

_____ 21. Petroleum originates from the accumulation and decomposition of
a. swamp vegetation
b. animals such as dinosaurs
c. marine organisms
d. marine shellfish

_____ 22. Coal originates from the accumulation and decomposition of
a. marine organisms
b. animals such as dinosaurs
c. swamp vegetation
d. marine shellfish

_____ 23. Nuclear power has some potential serious problems associate with it. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems?
a. we haven't really worked out a good method for nuclear waste disposal
b. reactor safety concerns many people
c. there is potential for theft of plutonium to make bombs
d. we just don't have enough uranium

_____ 24. Placer deposits of metals are formed bya. hydrothermal processes
b. secondary enrichment processes
c. igneous processes
d. sedimentary processes
e. contact metamorphic processes

_____ 25. The primary difference between magma and lava is:
a. one occurs at divergent plate boundaries, the other at convergent plate boundaries
b. they are produced from different parent materials
c. magma becomes lava anytime it is in a cooling condition
d. one is below the ground, the other is above ground

Short Answers. (Should fit in the space provided, but use more if you wish)

1. Why are most magmas dominated by the same elements (silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron)?
2. What are hydrothermal solutions?
3. Define the term "rock."
4. Some igneous rocks are very fine grained. Some are very coarse grained. Some have large crystals surrounded by microscopically fine crystals. Discuss all three of these. How do they form?
5. How are granite and rhyolite different? In what way are they similar?
6. Why does the United States not exploit its vast deposits of oil shale?
7. What is the ring of fire? Where is it?
8. Distinguish between contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism. Which creates the largest volumes of metamorphic rock?
9. What feature would easily distinguish schist and gneiss from quartzite and marble?
10. List two obstacles that have hindered the development of nuclear power as an energy source.

Longer Essay - put on back of page

Some people think that we are lucky to be able to take any oil out of the ground at all. They argue that it takes unique circumstances for oil to form, that oil breaks down easily and will not be preserved most of the time, and that oil cannot be removed from the ground economically unless it is concentrated in reservoirs. These same people argue that most of the oil that ever was formed is now gone, or is never going to be recoverable. What do you think about these ideas?