Date: Wed, 12 Jul 1995 17:16:43 EDT From: "Randy Nichols, ACA Pres." <75542.1003@compuserve.com> GERMAN REDUCTION CIPHERS PART IV NOTES ON ENIGMA CIPHER MACHINES continued -------------------------------------------------------- E5: Polish attacks (Kozaczuk) Dr. Wladyslaw Kozaczuk discusses the Polish attacks on Enigma in Ref (32). E6: Involution Principle (Konheim) Involution principles are presented by Alan G. Konheim, "Cryptography -A Primer" , in Ref (33). E7: Related Machines (Barker) Wayne G. Barker presents a related analysis in "Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph, in Ref (34). E8: Enigma 3 (Sassoons ) A clever treatment of the Enigma 3 wheel device can be found in George Sassoons, "Radio Hackers Code Book", in Ref. (35). E9: Tieman C (Schneier) Bruce Schneier, in his "Applied Cryptography', presents Tieman's C program. (36) F: ROTOR SYSTEMS F1: Theory (Konheim) The general theory of rotor systems is well presented in chapter 5 of Konheim's primer. (37) F2: Polish Solution The brilliance of Marian Rejewski solution is presented in "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher " in Ref (38). F3: Computer Crypto and Probability Analysis [A German View] Norbert Ryska and Siegfried Herda give a fresh look at computer techniques required for Cryptography. From a German point of view, it gives the reader a look at security risks, and cryptomethodology. (41) G: ENIGMA IMPROVEMENTS G1: Code Changes (Sassoon) Sassoon suggests improvements to Enigma by using full ASCII set of 256. Sequence length 256 x x 256. Rotor settings in blocks of 256 8-bit bytes one to define the position of each rotor. Sassoon's Basic Enigma3 simulation 4 rotors and a reflector rotor. It simulates the movement towards the reflector or away from it. Rotor cross connections are well defined. Subroutines to test the encryption and decryption are included. Clear rotor advancement routines. Error checking subs as well. No plugboard. (42) G2: Improved Security (ESSAYONS) Clarence Tyner Jr. has spent significant time since 1944 on German cipher production and reduction efforts. With his permission, I will present his original program and our joint paper to the ACA Convention on August 5, 1995 in Portland, Oregon. The paper has been submitted to CRYPTOLOGIA for publication. Starting with a Model D (circa 1920's) Tyner has created a program to simulate the original Enigma with wartime enhancements (plugboard, expanded rotor sets, etc.) and then improved it while staying within the original concepts of the original machine (keyboard input, data path through a plugboard, rotating rotors, reflecting rotors, and output display. His simulation's characteristics are: - Essentially all keyboard characters can be enciphered. - I/O simultaneously displayed/accumulated - There are 100 unique randomized rotors of each type to choose from. Use 1 - 12 rotors. - Rotors wired using Interval Method - Regular rotors can be inserted frontward or backward. - Rotors "rotate" by a unique prime factor (to 100) after each input. - 100 randomized character sets to choose from w/ conversion to double digit numerics. - plugboard has 100 positions, acts in normal way and does not rotate. - Ciphertext is double digit numeric which can be super- enciphered into alpha. - 100 superencipherment tables to choose from. - On-screen corrections are possible. - Verification of control settings, hard copy, editing capability. - Statistics show that the 10 - 12 rotor cases approach one time pad randomness. - Graphics - Monitoring of measures of ciphertext influence (mix) and feedback influence. Randomness approximations. H: ORGANIZATIONS (Kahn) (ASI) H1:BP H2:OSS H3:German Navy - U Boat Command H4:B-Dienst H5:Bureau De Chiffer H6:Polish Biuro Szyfrow H7:French Service Renseignements H8:AVA Telecomunications H9:German Army Command H10:SOE H11:RAF-SLU H12:Siemans und Halske Aktiengesellschaft H13:AC Bridge Laboratory David Kahn in his books "Seizing Enigma", "Codebreakers" , "Kahn on Codes" and "Hitlers Spies" presents the various people and organizations surrounding Enigma. Also the British Air Scientific Institute, chap 6 describes the relevance of each organization in the cracking of ENIGMA. (43)